Functions

fprint()

These are functions that take in a file as the first input and an arbitrary number of values, and write those outputs to the file. The values are formatted according to the str() function defined on that type.

fn fprint(file f, ...)

print() and println()

These functions call fprint() and with the output file set to be stdout. The difference between print() and println() is that println() appends a newline at the end of the output.

fn print(...) {
  fprint(os.stdout, ...)
}
fn println(...) {
  fprint(os.stdout, ..., "\n")
}

eprint() and eprintln()

These functions call fprint() and with the output file set to be stderr. The difference between eprint() and eprintln() is that eprintln() appends a newline at the end of the output. These functions are generally used for print debugging.

fn eprint(...) {
  fprint(os.stderr, ...)
}
fn eprintln(...) {
  fprint(os.stderr, ..., "\n")
}

typeof()

This returns the type of a value.

fn typeof(val) -> type

assert()

This is a function that takes in a boolean as the first argument, and a string as the second argument. If the boolean is false, it halts the program with an assertion error and a stacktrace, and the string as an error message.

fn assert(bool check, str message) -> ! {
  if !check {
    panic("ERROR: {message}")
  }
}

Note that although this function panics, you do not need to call it with try.

panic()

This function takes in a string as an argument, and crashes the program whenever it is called, displaying the string passed in as an error message. If a function in your code uses panic(), it must have a ! in its return type, and must be called with the try keyword.

fn panic(str message) -> !

Type casting functions

There are functions to cast a value into a different type:

• bool()
• complex()
• decimal()
• error()
• int(), uint(), bigint()
• str()

If you define a type of your own, you need to define these functions for that type if you'd like to be able to convert into them. This is especially important for str(), as you need to define it in order to print the value out using the print() and eprint() functions above.

new()

This function takes in a type as an argument, and creates a value of that type.

fn new(type anyType) -> anyType